Causes. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Diarrhea. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. . You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. a. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. . Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. . 1. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. 1. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. They were ALL my fault. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. 23. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). C) the severity and duration of the problem. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Ebola virus disease - World Health Organization When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. 3. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia - Verywell Mind This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007).
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